Kamis, 10 November 2011

[Z519.Ebook] PDF Ebook Reel History: In Defense of Hollywood (Culture America) (Culture America (Paperback)), by Robert Brent Toplin

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Reel History: In Defense of Hollywood (Culture America) (Culture America (Paperback)), by Robert Brent Toplin

History has been fodder for cinema from the silent era to the blockbuster present, a fact that has seldom pleased historians themselves. As pundits increasingly ponder "how Hollywood fails history," Robert Toplin counters with a provocative alternative approach to this enduring debate over the portrayal of history in film.

Toplin focuses on movies released over the past sixteen years during which twelve historical films won the Oscar for Best Picture and argues that critics often fail to recognize the unique ways that fictional films communicate important ideas about the past. A trenchant extension of his highly regarded History by Hollywood, Toplin's new work establishes commonsense ground rules for improving critical analysis in this area. Citing films like Gladiator and Braveheart, Gandhi and Nixon, he underscores the pressures placed on filmmakers to simplify and alter historical fact to conform to the demands of an extraordinarily expensive mass medium.

Toplin demonstrates how a historical epic like Glory may contain "creative adjustments" that worry historians but shows how its distortions communicate broader and deeper truths about the Civil War experiences of African Americans just as Saving Private Ryan presented little factual detail about World War II and yet effectively conveyed the experience of combat. He also shows how other films such as Mississippi Burning, Amistad, and The Hurricane contain so many elements of fictional excess and oversimplification that they deserve the criticism they receive.

Toplin deliberately steers a middle course between tradition-minded critics who castigate films for artistic liberties and cinema scholars wedded to pure aesthetics. He also draws upon his own experiences in film production and takes direct aim at recent writing about film dominated by jargonistic theory and empty rhetoric. He urges film studies scholars to move beyond their preoccupation with formal aesthetics and recognize that, in historical films, content does matter.

In engaging prose that will appeal to any moviegoer, Reel History helps build bridges between defenders and detractors of history-by-Hollywood and enlarges our understanding of film as a communicator of truths about the human condition.

  • Sales Rank: #821152 in Books
  • Brand: Brand: University Press of Kansas
  • Published on: 2002-10-08
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 8.82" h x .52" w x 6.18" l, .76 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 240 pages
Features
  • Used Book in Good Condition

From Library Journal
Toplin (history, Univ. of North Carolina, Wilmington) picks up where he left off in his History by Hollywood: The Use and Abuse of the American Past. He extends his argument for clemency in judging Hollywood's interpretations of history and thoroughly investigates its serious limitations and fabulous opportunities to construe history. Writing in a jargon-free and very accessible style, and using very recent films (including Titanic, Schindler's List, and Pearl Harbor) as examples, Toplin argues that Hollywood productions, particularly in the last 30 years, have been able to bring richly detailed impressions of past eras to a much wider public than have conventional history books. Those who find fault with filmmakers' tendencies to manipulate situations, personalities, and timelines are asked to consider the difficulties of condensing highly complex sequences of events, often happening over a long period of time, into entertaining two-hour dramas. Toplin makes his point eloquently, if somewhat repetitively, and builds a strong case for Hollywood's overall success in bringing certain aspects of history to life. This will interest historians, film critics, and readers who enjoy catching Hollywood out. Recommended. Andrea Slonosky, Long Island Univ., Brooklyn
Copyright 2002 Reed Business Information, Inc.

From the Back Cover
"Without question most Americans today learn—-or mislearn-—history by watching movies. Toplin brilliantly grapples with the advantages and dilemmas brought about by this stark fact in a well-written, sober-minded analysis of the enduring power of cinematic history."-—Douglas Brinkley, author of American Heritage History of the United States

"Toplin’s good common sense promotes a salutary (and long overdue) demystification of Hollywood-made history."—-Mark C. Carnes, editor of Past Imperfect: History According to the Movies

"A new and major contribution to the study of film and history."-—Peter C. Rollins, editor-in-chief of Film & History

"An excellent, well-written, clearly argued, and important book."-—Jeanine Basinger, author of American Cinema: One Hundred Years of Filmmaking

About the Author
Robert Brent Toplin is professor of history at the University of North Carolina at Wilmington and film review editor for the Journal of American History. Among his ten books are Oliver Stone's USA: Film, History, and Controversy (see page 33), History by Hollywood: The Use and Abuse of the American Past, and Ken Burns's The Civil War: Historians Respond.

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10 of 13 people found the following review helpful.
loose and baggy collection of remarks on historical films
By A Customer
Three and a half stars, really. The book gives some guidelines for what the author sees as the distinctive genre of "cinematic history" (his term--not very well defined--for a movie dealing with an historical event). He then argues by example about good and bad cinematic history, regularly invoking the genre requirements and the pressure to entertain that he sees as necessarily constraining factors in the creation of historical films. With the exception of a chapter-long discussion of a 1970s PBS docudrama, for which the author served as an historical consultant, none of the analyses are very extended. This seems a shame, as he is apt to see interesting things in the films that he does discuss. As the title implies, the attitude of the author is generally quite permissive about liberties taken by filmmakers. I think what he calls history, I'd call myth. Movies are mythic in their portrayal of the past. They have more in common with a short story, or even a poem, than they do with a history text. The implicit conception of the audience isn't very flattering, but probably accurate enough: most viewers won't pay attention to stories that don't conform to a critical mass of Hollywood techniques. The author tells historians, with some justification, to lighten up, but he does his best work in exposing the errors, sloppy thinking and general fallaciousness of academic film criticism over the past 30 years. The writing style is lucid and even lively at times, though he has an annoying habit of stringing long series of questions together, often without systematic effort to address those questions. Browse for the good sections, then dig in to those. On the level of extended argument, the book suffers somewhat (with the exception of the portion in which he takes on the film studies professoriate); but for bright insights, and intelligent moments, it stands up as an enjoyable read.

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
the structure is pretty loose and content not sufficiently linked
By Leon Lam
Informative but not particularly well written. As mentioned in the previous comments, the structure is pretty loose and content not sufficiently linked. Toplin provides a lot of information and some interesting arguments in Reel History but the issues of organization, to a considerable extent, hindered mt reading experience.

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Rabu, 09 November 2011

[A651.Ebook] Download Ebook St. Louis Blues, by W. C. Handy

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St. Louis Blues, by W. C. Handy

5 pages.

  • Published on: 1942
  • Binding: Sheet music

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0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Five Stars
By Cowgirl Jane
Great product.

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  • Sales Rank: #1179704 in eBooks
  • Published on: 2016-01-01
  • Released on: 2016-02-23
  • Format: Kindle eBook

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Selasa, 08 November 2011

[A296.Ebook] PDF Ebook Worlds Out of Nothing, by Jeremy Gray

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Based on the latest historical research, this is the first book to provide a course on the history of geometry in the 19th century. The book is a comprehensive resource with full background material and selections and translations from original sources. It provides both an overview of the growth of a major part of mathematics and offers practical guidance on the teaching of the history of mathematics.

  • Sales Rank: #17257561 in Books
  • Published on: 2011-04-09
  • Original language: English
  • Dimensions: 9.21" h x .84" w x 6.14" l,
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 412 pages

Review

From the reviews:

"Gray’s new book will become both a classic reference and a model on how to write a useful course text. With original source material woven in with historical context, this book is a fun read as it examines geometry historically as a connected sequence of diverse ideas … . it includes a useful index and extensive bibliography. If you enjoy mathematics, buy this and read it! Summing Up: Highly recommended. General readers; lower-division undergraduates through faculty." (J. Johnson, CHOICE, Vol. 44 (11), July, 2007)

"Gray (Open Univ., UK) does it again. Complementing his works on Jinos Bolyai or the world of different geometries, Gray's new book will become both a classic reference and a model on how to write a useful course text. With original source material in with historical context, this book is a fun read as it examines geometry historically as a connected sequence of diverse ideas: duality in projective geometry, the problem of parallels in non-Euclidean geometries, the nature of surfaces in differential geometry, and concern for geometry as a true "measure" of space (physical or philosophical). Documenting mathematicians' contributions within this historical sequence, the book becomes a fascinating Who's Who: Poncelet, Desargues, Pascal, Gergonne, Saccheri, Lambert, Legendre, Gauss, Bolyai, Lobachevski, M�bius, Pl�cker, Beltrami, Klein, Poincar�, Hilbert, and Einstein. Finally, the book's unusual twist is its inclusion of three chapters on writing and critical reading about the history of mathematics; these chapters alone make the book valuable to those helping students improve as writers of mathematics. An offshoot of a University of Warwick course, it includes a useful index and extensive bibliography. If you enjoy mathematics, but this and read it! Summing up: Highly recommended. General readers; lower-division undergraduates through faculty."�- J. Johnson, Western Washington University

"This is an outstanding text for the well-prepared student who has a basic knowledge of linear algebra, matrix theory, calculus of several variables, and geometry. … an important addition to the mathematical and historical literature. Albeit primarily a textbook for a one-semester upper level or graduate course in the history of mathematics, it will be appreciated and enjoyed by those interested in geometry, history, philosophy, and pedagogy. … The book contains an excellent bibliography. … it provides a useful reference for anyone interested in geometry." (James J. Tattersall, Mathematical Reviews, Issue 2008 b)

"The 19th century was certainly an exciting time in geometry. To chronicle all of that excitement in one place is a monumental task; to have done so with real clarity and attention to detail, as Jeremy Gray has done, is an impressive achievement. … Gray has succeeded on several levels: as a historical chronicler, as a mathematical scholar, and as an advisor to teachers. Worlds Out Of Nothing is a first-rate addition to the geometry enthusiast’s bookshelf." (Mark Bollman, MathDL, January, 2008)

From the Back Cover

Worlds Out of Nothing is the first book to provide a course on the history of geometry in the 19th century. Based on the latest historical research, the book is aimed primarily at undergraduate and graduate students in mathematics but will also appeal to the reader with a general interest in the history of mathematics. Emphasis is placed on understanding the historical significance of the new mathematics: Why was it done? How - if at all - was it appreciated? What new questions did it generate?

Topics covered in the first part of the book are projective geometry, especially the concept of duality, and non-Euclidean geometry. The book then moves on to the study of the singular points of algebraic curves (Pl�cker’s equations) and their role in resolving a paradox in the theory of duality; to Riemann’s work on differential geometry; and to Beltrami’s role in successfully establishing non-Euclidean geometry as a rigorous mathematical subject. The final part of the book considers how projective geometry, as exemplified by Klein’s Erlangen Program, rose to prominence, and looks at Poincar�’s ideas about non-Euclidean geometry and their physical and philosophical significance. It then concludes with discussions on geometry and formalism, examining the Italian contribution and Hilbert’s Foundations of Geometry; geometry and physics, with a look at some of Einstein’s ideas; and geometry and truth.

Three chapters are devoted to writing and assessing work in the history of mathematics, with examples of sample questions in the subject, advice on how to write essays, and comments on what instructors should be looking for.

The Springer Undergraduate Mathematics Series (SUMS) is designed for undergraduates in the mathematical sciences. From core foundational material to final year topics, SUMS books take a fresh and modern approach and are ideal for self-study or for a one- or two-semester course. Each book includes numerous examples, problems and fully-worked examples.

About the Author
Jeremy Gray is Professor of the History of Mathematics and Director of the Centre for the History of the Mathematical Sciences at the Open University in England, and is an Honorary Professor in the Mathematics Department at the University of Warwick. He is the author, co-author, or editor of 14 books on the history of mathematics in the 19th and 20th Centuries and is internationally recognised as an authority on the subject. His book, Ideas of Space, is a standard text on the history of geometry (see competitive literature).

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9 of 11 people found the following review helpful.
Interesting but somewhat irritating as well (3.5 stars)
By A. J. Sutter
As a "general reader," rather than a student using this book in a university course, I found the material highly interesting but the treatment often frustrating.

On the plus side, I did come away from it with a better understanding of the substance and goals of projective geometry, of the intellectual context of non-Euclidean geometry, and of what might be called the struggle for co-existence (pace Darwin) of multiple geometries at the end of the 19th Century.

Several aspects of the book were very frustrating, though:

(1) This is a set of course materials, not a coherent monograph. The styles of the chapters change from biographical to mathematical and back again, and not always in chronological order. E.g., the sequence of Chaps. 2-4: "2. Poncelet (and Pole and Polar)" -> "3. Theorems in Projective Geometry" [sc., not by Poncelet] -> "4. Poncelet's _Trait�_"; in a monograph the sequence of chapters 2 and 3 might have been reversed. The sequence of the last six chapters (26-31) also feels a bit jumbled, with the "Summary: Geometry to 1900" (i.e., to the end of the century that is the topic of the book) coming five chapters before the end. Three chapters on writing history, apparently directed to undergraduates, are dropped in from time to time. One of these is the final chapter, which describes an essay assignment, so that the book ends clumsily with a warning that you'll receive a failing grade if you plagiarize. The most charitable spin one can put onto it is that reading the book might be like reading a play: a lot depends on how it's used in action. E.g., maybe in the book we're reading stuff "in series" that in a class would be deployed "in parallel," to use an electrical analogy. Maybe -- but it doesn't make for a good read.

(2) Maybe partly as a result of (1), some matters are referred to before they're defined. E.g., B�zout's theorem is relied on twice (@176, 186) before it's actually stated (@193). BTW it's also assumed you know what Menelaus's theorem is, which I imagine few people do who never took a university-level course in geometry. (It's a statement about the "cross ratio" of lengths of segments, AB�CD/AD�BC, of a line containing points A, B, C, D in that order.)

(3) For a book on geometry, it could do with more illustrations -- and more accurate ones. The proof of the uniqueness of the fourth harmonic point, @38, mentions segments not shown in the accompanying figure. The discussion of M�bius's barycentric coordinates doesn't have any diagrams (Chap. 13), even though M�bius's original work used plenty of them; this trips up the author (JG) when he refers to a "horizontal plane" in a Cartesian coordinate system when it isn't clear whether that's, say the x-y plane, x-z, or what (@153). Most puzzling was that JG sometimes omits illustrations even when presenting an excerpt from an historical source that contained them, e.g. in his passages from Lobachevsky. (Both M�bius's and Lobachevsky's books are available online, though not necessarily in English.)

(4) The professional standards of historians of mathematics seem to allow a lot of leeway for unannounced anachronisms: that is, the intrusion of modern concepts and notation into discussion of historical material without distinguishing the old from the new. As far as I could tell, most of these occur in the earlier, pre-Riemann portion of the book - but they made me so distrustful of what I'd been reading till then that I almost put the book back on the shelf, half-read.

E.g., @155: "So a projective transformation emerges as a 3x3 matrix, with the proviso that it too is homogeneous (matrices A and kA have the same effect). As a result, M�bius had a novel, entirely algebraic description of conic sections and their projective transformations." This sure makes it sound as if M�bius used matrices, even though the complete passage stops short of explicitly stating that he did. But he didn't: I scrolled through all 300-plus pages of _Der baryzentrische Calcul_ and didn't find a single matrix. Which isn't surprising, since they were invented several decades later by Sylvester.

E.g., in Chap. 3, where we are backtracking to cover some pre-Poncelet projective geometry in the lead-up to Poncelet's most famous proof, we're told that Menelaus's theorem means that the cross-ratio has a value of -1 (@37). Except that Menelaus didn't say any such thing. Firstly, he wrote in the Hellenistic era, before negative numbers were recognized; and secondly, I checked his proof (Lemma 3, book I), as translated into Latin by Edmond Halley in 1758. In fact, it's not clear when his theorem came to be generally known, since Halley was translating from Hebrew and Arabic (Menelaus's original Greek apparently being lost). Was it widely known at all before this Latin version? and when did the negative number version of it come to be known? Most importantly: *what was the version Poncelet knew?* -- the one published in Halley, or the one with negative numbers? If the latter, who came up with it?

I don't have a problem in principle with an historian using modern notation or ideas to explain older math. Often the older symbols and narratives are very tedious to read, so some adaptation can be a relief. But even when such modernization is justified, I do expect a heads-up about which is which, especially when the historian is hanging a lot of weight on a specific nail. All it takes is a simple phrase like "To express so-and-so's argument in modern concepts, ... ," or something more graceful. I attribute these lapses to professional standards rather than singling out JG for blame, because he refers in several places to the book's referees -- so some of his peers must have thought this was OK. What makes this kind of looseness especially damaging is that once a reader discovers one or two cases of it, it's hard not to be suspicious about a lot of the rest of what one has read. You might be more tolerant, e.g. if you're less interested in history of ideas, but this definitely detracted from my enjoyment of the book.

(5) Finally, while no book can cover anything, some of the book's omissions were surprising. Hilbert's axiomatization program is discussed at length, and a reader might finish the book thinking it was possible; not a syllable is uttered about Kurt G�del's eventual proof to the contrary. Similarly, while there's some discussion of realism vs. formalism in mathematics and Hilbert's position on the issue, there isn't any mention of the related 20th Century debate between Hilbert and Brouwer. And ironically for me, while there's a lot of discussion of Julius Pl�cker, the the book is silent on the topic I'd hoped to learn about from it: Pl�cker coordinates (which are a stumbling block for the ignorant in an early chapter of Thomas Hawkins's history of Lie group theory). All in all, 3.5 stars, as a balance of the book's pluses and minuses.

8 of 10 people found the following review helpful.
interesting
By doodler
I'm actually reading this to gain insights to what those freaks were thinking when they invented projective geometry. All the projective geometry texts I have read are so dry and free of any motivational thoughts as to actually mystify the subject. Mathematicians are some of the worst writers on their own subject as history clearly shows. But this book really does help set the culture and motivations for this difficult and abstract field. There are typos in both text and diagrams. So you'll have to be wary as you read through. Luckly his other books can provide the correct formulas if you do a web search of the subject. For example "Plato's Ghost" has the correct text for the description of 4th Harmonic Point. And I do so hate typos in mathematics books.

10 of 14 people found the following review helpful.
Good history, especially on projective geometry
By Viktor Blasjo
Poncelet developed projective geometry in 1813. He saw that when dealing with geometric theorems that do not involve metric concepts we can allow ourselves greater freedom than Euclidean methods allow. The idea of projections and points at infinity enable us to give extremely swift proofs of previously cumbersome theorems. Consider for instance Pappus' theorem: we have a line ABC and a line A'B'C' and the theorem says that the three intersections AB'-A'B, BC'-B'C, AC'-A'C lie on a line. Projective geometry allows us to send the points AB'-A'B and BC'-B'C to infinity (i.e. make AB' parallel to A'B and BC' parallel to B'C) and then prove the theorem in this special case, which is a ridiculously easy application of similar triangles. Desargues' theorem can be proved in exactly the same way. Poncelet also studied dualisation with respect to a conic, which is a transformation that interchanges points and lines while preserving (in inverted form) all projective relations between them. Any theorem can be dualised to give a new theorem; for example, a simple derivative argument shows that the number of tangents to a curve of degree n through a given point is n(n-1), so by dualising Bezout's theorem we see that two curves have n(n-1)m(m-1) tangents in common.

"But it is one thing to realise that dualising a figure is a good way to obtain new theorems, which is what Poncelet did, and quite another thing to claim that points and lines are interchangeable concepts which must logically be treated on a par. This was the view that Gergonne put forward in 1825." (p. 55) This view would of course be clarified by the analytic approach of Plucker, but Plucker also solved a more important problem: we just saw that a curve has n(n-1) tangents; when we dualise these become n(n-1) points on the dual curve; but all those tangents met in a point, so their dual points all lie on a line, so the dual curve intersects a line n(n-1) times, so it has degree n(n-1). But, of course, dualising twice should get us back where we started. How can that be when dualising always increases the degree? This "paradox" was resolved by Plucker and his formulae.

"The argument presented here that Plucker's resolution of the duality paradox was decisive for the future of projective geometry seems to be new" (pp. vi-vii). The solution is that the tangent count n(n-1) fails when there are singularities involved. Consider the curve y^2=x(x+a)(x-b). It has two separate components: an infinite curve and a loop. Now, suppose we are standing so that we have a view through the opening between the two components; this field of view is bounded by two tangents to the curve. If we let b go to zero the two components come together to form a single curve that crosses itself at the origin. Our two tangents merge to a false tangent, which is counted twice by the n(n-1)-method when in fact it should not be counted at all. Now start over and consider the two tangents that bound our view of the loop. As a goes to zero the loop shrinks to a point and again the two tangents become one false tangent counted twice. These are examples of double points. If both a and b go to zero at once then all three tangents considered above come together to one false tangent counted three times. This is a cusp. Therefore, the number of tangents is not n(n-1) but rather n(n-1)-2d-3c. This almost makes the degree of the dual of the dual equal to the degree of the original curve, but not quite. A further correction must be made if the original curve has bitangents (same tangent for two points) which of course would become double points of the dual curve. But since we secretly know the answer to the "paradox" this in fact reveals a new theorem: the number of bitangents on a curve with no double points or cusps must be whatever number produces the correct correction term, which is n(n-2)(n^2-9)/2.

After the Plucker formulae we pick up a different thread. First we look at attempts to prove the parallel postulate, then the non-Euclidean geometry of Bolyai and Lobachevsky, and then the differential geometric view of non-Euclidean geometry of Riemann and Beltrami. This is all basically rehashed material from Gray's Ideas of Space book, although now, finally, with some reference to Stillwell's book. After this detour, projective geometry gets the last laugh, because Klein showed that projective geometry subsumes non-Euclidean geometry (since the metric of Beltrami's disc model may be defined in terms of cross-ratios), suggesting that the entire foundations of geometry should be attacked through projective geometry, which indeed turned out to be a very fruitful point of view, as we see (briefly) in the works of Hilbert and others.

In all, the individual chapters are very interesting, although at times the book as a whole feels somewhat sloppily composed. This feeling is reinforced by poor proof-reading. For example, the description of the construction of the fourth harmonic point (which comes with no picture) has "CR" where it should be "AR" (p. 27); the construction is then repeated on p. 33 ("Recall that ..." and then the whole thing again), this time with a different mistake ("PB" where it should be "BQ"); later on the same page we are asked to "repeat the construction but with the points A, B and C" which are the same points as before; clearly it should be C' instead of C.

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Objetivismo: la filosofía benevolente (Spanish Edition), by Warren Orbaugh

Hay quienes confunden el objetivismo, que es un movimiento filos�fico, con el libertarianismo, pero en realidad son dos cosas diferentes. El objetivismo es un sistema filos�fico (iniciado por Ayn Rand). El libertarianismo no. El libertarianismo consiste en una postura pol�tica: en respetar el proyecto de vida del otro, en tanto �ste no viole los derechos de los dem�s. Varios sistemas filos�ficos coinciden en sus principios pol�ticos con este postulado. De tal manera que los libertarios pueden estar de acuerdo en este punto y diferir en otros principios. El libertarianismo no responde a preguntas como �de d�nde vienen los derechos? �C�mo lo sabemos? �Son necesarias y posibles las respuestas a esas preguntas para defender la libertad? Los sistemas filos�ficos son los que responden a estas preguntas. Un sistema filos�fico es un conjunto de principios que responden a nuestras inquietudes de �qu� es la realidad? �C�mo lo sabemos? Y seg�n las respuestas a lo anterior, �c�mo debemos actuar? �C�mo debemos interrelacionarnos con los dem�s? �Qu� es importante? A estas y muchas otras preguntas filos�ficas el lector encontrar� las respuestas en este libro.

  • Sales Rank: #3109958 in Books
  • Published on: 2015-07-09
  • Original language: Spanish
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 8.50" h x .93" w x 5.50" l, 1.04 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 372 pages

About the Author
Warren Orbaugh, Director del Centro de Estudios del Capitalismo de la Universidad Francisco Marroqu�n y Exdirector del Centro Henry Hazlitt de la misma instituci�n, es profesor de la Maestr�a de Filosof�a Objetivista en la Escuela de Posgrado, de Filosof�a de Mises en la Facultad de Ciencias Econ�micas, de Teor�a e Historia, de Dise�o Estructural en Acero, y Dise�o Arquitect�nico Avanzado, en la Facultad de Arquitectura.

Most helpful customer reviews

5 of 8 people found the following review helpful.
Tergiversaci�n y banalizaci�n de la filosof�a de Ayn Rand
By A is A
Este libro tergiversa completamente la filosof�a Objetivista de Ayn Rand, malinterpreta muchos conceptos fundamentales y agrega aspectos inexistentes en el Objetivismo, lo que es lamentable vista la enorme riqueza de esta filosof�a, dise�ada en su totalidad por la m�s grande pensadora desde Arist�teles.
Resulta dif�cil decidir por d�nde empezar a desmenuzar la enorme cantidad de errores y falencias que contiene este libro. Analizar� primero su contenido filos�fico y luego su estructura y su forma.

Orbaugh parte de la base que Objetivismo (ver definici�n correcta aqu� www.Objetivismo.org/que-es-Objetivismo) es un sistema filos�fico abierto; as�, se permite agregar un sinf�n de ideas que Ayn Rand jam�s pronunci�, muchas de las cuales no s�lo son banales sino que rompen la coherencia del sistema.

Dice Leonard Peikoff en “Fact and Value” (1989): “. . . Every philosophy, by the nature of the subject, is immutable. New implications, applications, integrations can always be discovered; but the essence of the system — its fundamental principles and their consequences in every branch — is laid down once and for all by the philosophy’s author. If this applies to any philosophy, think how much more obviously it applies to Objectivism. Objectivism holds that every truth is an absolute, and that a proper philosophy is an integrated whole, any change in any element of which would destroy the entire system.” Y destruir el sistema entero es lo que este libro hace.

Ayn Rand desarroll� minuciosamente siete virtudes: racionalidad, independencia, integridad, honestidad, justicia, productividad y orgullo, validando cada una de ellas en su esencia, mostrando en cada caso la relaci�n metaf�sica entre existencia y consciencia.

Para Orbaugh esas virtudes no son suficientes, y se permite introducir muchas m�s, en su mayor�a conceptos vagos sin relaci�n con Objetivismo ni con la filosof�a en general: determinaci�n, perseverancia, ambici�n, honradez, confiabilidad, sinceridad, fortalecimiento (�!), “florecimiento” (�!), limpieza (���!!!), etc.

Orbaugh define as� la virtud de la “generosidad”: “. . . estar dispuesto a proveer tiempo y bienes a otros sin esperar retorno definitivo, como ayuda en una emergencia o como una inversi�n no espec�fica en su potencial”. Esa definici�n evoca altruismo y desprendimiento, contradiciendo el ego�smo racional y el principio del intercambio voluntario desarrollados por Ayn Rand.

La virtud de la “benevolencia” (que le da el t�tulo al libro) – “. . . el h�bito de tener buena voluntad hacia los dem�s y respetarlos” – es indudablemente una cualidad deseable, entendida en t�rminos racionales y cuando no implica auto-sacrificio, pero supone basar esta filosof�a en la actitud de uno hacia terceros. “Objetivismo: la filosof�a benevolente” significa “Objetivismo: la filosof�a de buena voluntad y respeto hacia los dem�s”. �Es apropiado ese t�tulo para definirla? No. El est�ndar de la �tica Objetivista es la propia vida, no la vida de los dem�s.

La virtud de la “confiabilidad”: “. . . el h�bito de proyectar hacia los dem�s la seguridad de que uno honrar� la obligaci�n asumida, lo que les permite a los dem�s contar con uno” confirma el enfoque en terceros, no en uno mismo, destruyendo la coherencia del sistema.

Carezco de palabras para describir la enorme cantidad de soser�as que introduce Orbaugh al hablar de la virtud de la “limpieza”: explica c�mo se forma la suciedad en nuestro cuerpo (a trav�s de secreciones, descamaci�n cut�nea, etc.), los malos olores que ella genera, y las enfermedades que podemos pescar en consecuencia. Explica tambi�n c�mo debemos ba�arnos, por d�nde pasar la esponja, c�mo cepillarnos los dientes y c�mo limpiar nuestra casa. Este tema no compete en absoluto a la filosof�a en general, y menos a�n a Objetivismo.

La virtud del “fortalecimiento” es a�n peor. Orbaugh la define como “afanarse por conseguir ser fuerte, flexible, resistente, coordinado, veloz, de reacci�n r�pida, sim�trico y tener magnetismo f�sico”, y explica cu�l debe ser nuestra rutina de ejercicios, cu�nto debe durar, cu�ntas veces por semana repetirla; nos da consejos sobre nutrici�n, etc. Esto no s�lo no pertenece al �mbito de la filosof�a, sino que representa una peligrosa descripci�n de c�mo “debe” ser la fisionom�a del hombre y de la mujer. Dice: “El cuerpo ideal femenino consiste en estar sin exceso de grasa o flacidez. M�s bien debe tener buen tono muscular, con m�sculos bien formados y firmes sin verse musculada. Las piernas esbeltas con una ligera dilataci�n al frente y en la parte posterior de los muslos; los gl�teos bien redondeados con caderas midiendo aproximadamente lo mismo que el busto. . .” “El cuerpo ideal masculino consiste en tener hombros anchos y bien desarrollados con un cuello que se vea fuerte, pero que no sea muy grueso; m�sculos pectorales con la parte superior y lateral bien desarrollados, de manera que se vean cuadrados, pero no muy grandes; espalda con buena musculatura. . .”.

Que Orbaugh introduzca esos p�rrafos como parte de Objetivismo es alarmante, aberrante y peligroso. Est� describiendo al “hombre ideal”, con un cuerpo perfecto, como si la virtud dependiera del f�sico. Evoca teor�as de superioridad f�sica de ideolog�as totalitarias, y cualquier nuevo lector creer� que Objetivismo consiste en crear “superhombres”, con consecuencias catastr�ficas.

Si Orbaugh quer�a divulgar conceptos filos�ficos creados por �l, e introducir a su antojo aspectos no-filos�ficos, deber�a haber aclarado expl�citamente que esos aspectos no son Objetivismo, sino su opini�n personal. Eso es lo que hacen los m�s destacados intelectuales Objetivistas cuando opinan sobre aspectos no incluidos en esa filosof�a; pero Orbaugh da a entender que todo el contenido del libro, sin excepci�n, es Objetivismo.

El libro resulta pr�cticamente imposible de leer. Carece de estructura, tiene p�rrafos largu�simos y apartados interminables que abarcan varios temas, pero organizados como si se trataran del mismo; conceptos y definiciones se repiten constante e innecesariamente, desarrollando aspectos ya vistos como si nunca hubiesen sido tratados; cada cap�tulo y subapartado carece de cohesi�n con lo anterior y con lo posterior, como si de un copy-paste gigante se tratara; y tiene infinidad de errores ortogr�ficos y gramaticales graves que uno no espera encontrar en un libro de filosof�a (ni en ning�n otro).

Orbaugh no llega a explicar de forma organizada y entendible lo que realmente es Objetivismo. Unas veces ignora conceptos esenciales; otras deja de explicar conceptos que s� son esenciales, mencion�ndolos s�lo al final de su perorata, cuando en realidad deber�an ser lo primero a explicar, por ser la base para entender el resto. Al hablar de valores, por ejemplo, el autor no identifica de manera f�cil, clara y simple un concepto clave: la vida como valor fundamental y como fin en s� mismo; esboza una explicaci�n pero sin aclarar el concepto, de hecho generando m�s preguntas que respuestas.

Obviamente Orbaugh no comprende Objetivismo, lo cual explica su p�simo trabajo intentando ense�arlo. Su libro le hace un enorme da�o a Objetivismo porque lo pervierte, lo distorsiona y lo banaliza.

La primac�a de la libertad de expresi�n no es debatible. Si alguien quiere crear un nuevo sistema “filos�fico” que incluya consejos de aseo y de ejercicio f�sico, y si como parte de su “sistema” quiere incluir su interpretaci�n de los principios Objetivistas, adelante; nadie se opondr�. Pero utilizar el nombre de Ayn Rand y de Objetivismo para expresar sus opiniones personales, tergiversando los principios de esa filosof�a y alegando que le “faltan” cosas (que �l se atreve a agregar) es sumamente deshonesto.

Apliquemos esta cita de Ayn Rand: “There is nothing wrong in using ideas, anybody’s ideas. Provided that you give appropriate credit, you can make any mixture of ideas that you want; the contradiction will be yours. But why do you need the name of someone with whom you do not agree in order to spread your misunderstandings — or worse, your nonsense and falsehoods?”

3 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
“I'm glad that you are not that acquainted with my philosophy
By Amazon Customer
En este libro, Orbaugh muestra y explica en un lenguaje claro y sencillo, las ideas hasta la fecha del Objetivismo, el sistema filos�fico cuyos principios b�sicos fueron establecidas por Ayn Rand. Incluye, adem�s de estos principios, las contribuciones de pensadores que han hecho importantes aportaciones, construidas y derivadas a partir de �stos. Entre estas, la naturaleza de la volici�n, de la auto-estima, y del amor rom�ntico por Nathaniel Branden; los principios epistemol�gicos sobre la evidencia de los sentidos por David Kelley y la teor�a de las proposiciones y naturaleza de la certeza por Harry Binswanger; los principios de la inducci�n por Leonard Peikoff y David Harriman; la virtud de la benevolencia por David Kelley y Nathaniel Branden; el desarrollo en detalle de las virtudes e implicaciones y derivaciones que Rand menciona, por Craig Biddle y Tara Smith; la elaboraci�n de la base moral del Capitalismo de Andrew Bernstein; y los principios del libre mercado por George Reisman. Muestra adem�s el contexto de ideas que el Objetivismo critica y corrige, para ayudarle al lector a comprender mejor las sutilezas de las discusiones filos�ficas.
El t�tulo nos recuerda una caracter�stica importante de la filosof�a Objetivista como se propuso en la primera presentaci�n de �sta como un sistema integrado: The Basic Principles of Objectivism. �ste fue un curso de veinte conferencias presentado y creado por Nathaniel Branden en el Nathaniel Branden Institute, desde 1958 a 1968. El curso empieza con The Role of Philosophy (El Papel de la Filosof�a), y culmina con la lecci�n veinte: The Benevolent Sense of Life (El Sentido de Vida Benevolente). En la conclusi�n del libro, Orbaugh explica que el Objetivismo proporciona este sentido de vida: el de un universo inteligible, donde la vida del individuo es un valor y es consecuencia de la acci�n exitosa, donde se valora la raz�n como el instrumento que identifica la realidad y le permite al hombre sobrevivir, donde la conducta �tica es para vivir y disfrutar, donde uno se acerca a los dem�s con la expectativa de que ser�n racionales, donde las interrelaciones entre individuos son en base al respeto mutuo de sus derechos y con el prop�sito de intercambiar valor por valor. El Objetivismo presenta una afirmaci�n de las posibilidades de la existencia, una glorificaci�n del potencial humano y de las posibilidades de la vida exitosa y feliz en la tierra.
Orbaugh muestra que quienes consideran que el ego�smo racional es un ego�smo arisco e insociable, que consiste en victimizar y explotar c�nicamente a los dem�s se equivocan. �stos, quienes no han entendido el Objetivismo, confunden la benevolencia con el altruismo, y por eso, no conciben que el ego�sta racional pueda ser benevolente. El ego�smo racional como lo define Ayn Rand, nos indica Orbaugh, consiste en actuar en base a un razonamiento correcto, que identifica lo que es de inter�s objetivo para el agente con el prop�sito de florecer. La benevolencia es la virtud que busca alcanzar la cooperaci�n social, tan necesaria para vivir una buena vida. De hecho, Ayn Rand era una persona muy benevolente y generosa. Ella don� dinero al Studio Club en Hollywood para ayudar a j�venes talentosas que empezaban sus carreras y no dispon�an de fondos. Tambi�n contribuy� a la fundaci�n para comprar armamento para Finlandia. Bec� a su sobrina pol�tica, Docky Sutton, para que terminara sus estudios en Boston. Y Leonard Peikoff relata como era de generosa con su tiempo para explicar a j�venes interesados, complicados aspectos filos�ficos.
En cuanto a la benevolencia como virtud, aunque Rand no le dedic� tanta atenci�n como a la virtud de la racionalidad, le dedic� un cap�tulo en La Virtud del Ego�smo, “La �tica de las Emergencias” donde pone:
“�Qu� es, entonces, lo que se puede entregar apropiadamente a los desconocidos? El respeto y la buena voluntad que se deben en general a todo ser humano en nombre del valor potencial que representa, hasta tanto y en la medida en que lo merezca.”
Nathaniel Branden ampl�a sobre este principio en su art�culo “La benevolencia contra el altruismo” publicado en The Objectivist Newsletter de julio de 1962.
Quienes insisten, como algunos que critican el libro de Orbaugh, en que el Objetivismo es s�lo la filosof�a que cre� Ayn Rand, contradicen la evidencia. �Qu� son las aportaciones de Nathaniel Branden que son parte de los libros sobre Objetivismo? �Qu� es el art�culo “The Objectivist Theory of Volition” de Branden publicado en The Objectivist de enero y febrero de 1966? Y, los cap�tulos “�No somos todos ego�stas?” y “La psicolog�a del placer” de Branden en La Virtud del Ego�smo, �qu� son? Y el cap�tulo “La dicotom�a anal�tico-sint�tica”, por Peikoff, en Introducci�n a la Epistemolog�a Objetivista, �qu� es? Y el art�culo “The Primacy of Existence” de David Kelley, publicado en The Objectivist Forum, �qu� es? �Son �stos parte del Objetivismo o no lo son? �Por qu� aparecen en publicaciones sobre Objetivismo si no son Objetivismo? Fingir que estos pensadores no aportaron nada al sistema es una gran injusticia.
Por otro lado, sostener que Objetivismo es s�lo lo que Rand propuso, da�a al Objetivismo como sistema, conden�ndolo a estar incompleto por siempre, pues no se podr�a elaborar ni agregar aquello que le falta. Rand no elabor� sobre la inducci�n, ni sobre la epistemolog�a de las proposiciones, ni sobre la aplicaci�n de la racionalidad a la acci�n de conseguir y conservar aquellos valores que dan origen a las virtudes impl�citas y derivadas de la racionalidad, ni a la est�tica con respecto a la m�sica ni a la arquitectura, ni a otros temas m�s. Rand estaba consciente de que a�n faltaba mucho por hacer, que faltaban muchos aspectos que cubrir. En la entrevista que le hiciera Garth Ancier de Focus on Youth, en 1978, Ayn Rand dijo:
“I'm glad that you are not that acquainted with my philosophy, because if you were, you would know that I haven't nearly said everything yet. I do have a complete philosophical system, but the elaboration of a system is a job that no philosopher can finish in his lifetime. There is an awful lot of work yet to be done”.
[Objevtively Speaking: Ayn Rand Interviewed, edited by Marlene Podriske and Peter Schwartz, p. 239]
Ella valor� las contribuciones que hicieron aquellos cuyos escritos incluy� en sus publicaciones. Incluso continu� valorando el trabajo de Branden despu�s de que se pele� con �l. Nunca borr� sus ensayos de sus antolog�as. Nunca abjur� de sus contribuciones mientras �l estuvo asociado con su filosof�a, y de hecho, las consider� como parte del corpus del Objetivismo, a�n despu�s de su ruptura con �l. Con respecto a lo que se pod�a considerar como fuentes aut�nticamente Objetivistas, Rand declar� en su columna de los Angeles Times del 26 de agosto de 1962 lo siguiente:
“Please take the following as an official ‘Public Notice’. The only authentic sources of information about Objectivism are: My own works. Who is Ayn Rand? By Nathaniel Branden… The Objectivist Newsletter… The lecture courses on Objectivism given by Nathaniel Branden Institute… and the publications of that Institute.”
Entonces, �son o no son Objetivismo las contribuciones de los autores que escribieron en estos medios que en esa fecha divulgaban las ideas Objetivistas?
Y �qu� hay de los autores que escribieron para contribuir a las ideas del Objetivismo en las publicaciones de Rand, una vez ella estuviera muerta? �Qu� son sus escritos, ahora aprobados por el Ayn Rand Institute? �Son Objetivismo o son otra cosa? �Cu�l es el criterio para establecer si una teor�a que complementa lo que Rand propuso es Objetivismo o no? �Es el criterio, que Ayn Rand lo diga, o que ella lo apruebe, o que la teor�a sea objetiva, es decir, que describa la realidad por medio de la l�gica? En “A Message To Our Readers”, del Objectivist Newsletter de abril de 1965, Branden pone:
“In the future, when Objectivism has become an intellectual and cultural movement on a wider scale, when a variety of authors have written books dealing with some aspect of the Objectivist philosophy –it could be appropriate for those in agreement to describe themselves as “Objectivists.””
Ese futuro del que habla Branden es ahora. Las contribuciones incluidas por Orbaugh son aquellas que por a�os se han presentado y discutido en los Congresos Objetivistas del Ayn Rand Institute (OCON). Resume el libro de Orbaugh, los libros que recomienda al final de su libro, y que pueden comprarse en el Ayn Rand Institute.
Por eso recomiendo este libro para quien quiera conocer el Objetivismo como se discute actualmente, y que si decide ir a OCON, entienda los t�picos que se discuten como si siempre hubiese asistido a las conferencias.

5 of 7 people found the following review helpful.
Una aportaci�n valiosa
By Luis Figueroa
“Objetivismo: la filosof�a benevolente”, por Warren Orbaugh no es la repetici�n de lo que dijo, o escribi� Rand. Eso no hace falta. El libro integra aportaciones de otros estudiosos del objetivismo y abre brecha con nuevas perspectivas. Contribuye a materializar el objetivismo como un movimiento vivo (en oposici�n a la momia intelectual anquilosada que algunos quisieran que fuera).

Este libro resume e informa -a partir de los principios que estableci� Ayn Rand- acerca de las derivaciones y aportaciones sobre temas que ella no abordo; por ejemplo: Rand no se ocup� de la validez de los sentidos, ni abund� en la idea del ser humano como ser vivo y de conciencia volitiva. Hac�a falta construir sobre lo que dej� la fil�sofa.

En epistemolog�a Rand estableci� una teor�a de conceptos; pero no una de proposiciones, ni abord� la funci�n cognitiva de las proposiciones, lo que s� ha hecho Binswanger. Rand tampoco abord� el tema de la inducci�n, lo que s� han hecho Peikoff y Harriman y al primero le debemos la dicotom�a anal�tico-sint�tica.

En cuanto a �tica, Rand estableci� un sistema con los principales valores y virtudes, pero Tara Smith y Craig Biddle han enriquecido lo escrito por Rand al contrastar el objetivismo con otras corrientes �ticas; y han ampliado el concepto de florecimiento. A partir la virtud de la racionalidad es posible la derivaci�n de otras virtudes al mostrar c�mo es que estas son la racionalidad aplicada en aspectos espec�ficos para conseguir una vida pr�spera y feliz (que es el florecimiento). Tal es el caso de pr�cticas como la higiene personal y el fortalecimiento del cuerpo mediante el ejercicio. Tal es el caso de la prudencia, tambi�n.

El tema de la benevolencia es una virtud que Rand no desarroll� en sus escritos de no-ficci�n, pero que mostr� en “El manantial” y en “La rebeli�n de Atlas”; por ejemplo, Roark fue generoso con Mallory; y Dagny le dio US$100 (�de 1950!) a un vagabundo.
Otra aportaci�n del libro es sobre los derechos individuales cuya teor�a es comparada con las de otros fil�sofos para ilustrar mejor la aportaci�n de Rand.

En materia de econom�a, el libro de Orbaugh explica muy bien el sistema de precios y ayuda mucho a entender c�mo funciona el mercado, desde la perspectiva del objetivismo.

En su obra, Orbaugh sabe explicar, dar ejemplos y aclarar con una pluma que invita a profundizar y a seguir leyendo no s�lo a quienes ya hemos tenido contacto abundante con el objetivismo; sino –y esto es muy importante– para aquellos que est�n aproxim�ndose.

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[U907.Ebook] Download PDF Aldo Van Eyck: WritingsFrom Sun Publishers,The Netherlands

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Aldo Van Eyck: WritingsFrom Sun Publishers,The Netherlands

  • Sales Rank: #3906155 in Books
  • Published on: 2006-06
  • Format: Import
  • Original language: English
  • Dimensions: 10.16" h x 2.95" w x 7.09" l,
  • Binding: Hardcover

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[D821.Ebook] Ebook Free Christmas Carols Sheet Music For Piano Keyboard & Organ Book 1: 10 Easy To Play Christmas Carols For Keyboards (Volume 1), by Michael Shaw

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10 Easy To Play Christmas Carols For Keyboards

This Christmas Book contains 10 popular Carols. I have written this book with all keyboard players in mind. Each line of music contains three staves, one treble clef and two bass clefs and chord symbols for the single line players. Organist can read all three staves (top keyboard, lower keyboard and bass pedals). Keyboard players and Piano players can read right hand and left hand staves and if you wish to read the right hand and chord symbols, that's there to.

Here's the list of Carols
  • Away In A Manger
  • While Shepherds Watched Their Flocks
  • Silent Night
  • The First Noel
  • Good King Wenceslas
  • The Holly And The Ivy
  • Hark The Herald Angels Sing
  • Deck The Halls
  • O Come All Ye Faithful
  • We Wish You A Merry Christmas
    • Sales Rank: #1441849 in Books
    • Published on: 2015-07-26
    • Original language: English
    • Number of items: 1
    • Dimensions: 11.00" h x .6" w x 8.50" l, .20 pounds
    • Binding: Paperback
    • 26 pages

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    0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
    Five Stars
    By Beatrice Young
    Product was just as advertised.

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